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Linkers and DNA adapters are short, chemically synthesised, double-stranded oligonucleotide molecules used to convert inefficient blunt-ended DNA fragments into highly efficient sticky-ended (cohesive) fragments for seamless plasmid vector ligation.

pBR322 is a historically foundational, synthetically engineered plasmid vector used in molecular biology and genetic engineering to replicate and transfer foreign segments of DNA within Escherichia coli (E. coli) host cells. Created in 1977 in the laboratory of Herbert Boyer at the University of California, San Francisco, it holds distinction as one of the first widely utilized artificial cloning vectors.

The screening and selection of recombinants is a multi-step biotechnology process that isolates host cells containing an engineered plasmid with a target gene insert from a complex mixture of non-recombinant and untransformed cells.

In molecular biology, it is the design and labeling of DNA/RNA to detect complementary sequences.

The pUC vector is a small, high-copy-number plasmid commonly used as a cloning vector in E. coli. The name stands for plasmid University of California, where it was developed. It is widely favored in molecular biology for its high yield and ease of identifying successful clones.